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AN APPENDIX 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR; 

EMBRACING AMONG VARIOUS OTHER IMPORTANT 
MATTER NOT FOUND IN OTHER WORKS, 

A NEW AND SYSTEMATIC VIEW IN THE RELA- 
TION OF PREPOSITIONS, 







v» 



■ 









AN 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR; 



INCLUDING A GREAT VARIETY OF IMPORTANT MATTER DIRECTING TO GOOD LANGUAGE,— VERY 

LITTLE OF WHICH HAS BEEN HITHERTO GIVEN WITH ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX, 

THOUGH PROPER TO BE CLASSED THERE. 



I DESIGNED FOR A THIRD PART TO THE WORK ENTITLED " AN IMPROVED AND COMPREHENSIVE 
SCHOOL GRAMMAR," BUT CAN BE USED TO GOOD ADVANTAGE ALONE, 
OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER WORK. 



BY A NORTH AMERICAN TEACHER. 



SJvoaA. ujr ^a^j^^£i^£. 



GARDINER: 
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY A. M. C. HEATH 

18 5 7. 



■< 



w 



X. 

Mr. William Morse, 

Exeter Mills* 


B. 

Mr. Albert Garland, 

Bennington, 

Vermont. 


C. 

Joshua Payne, Esq., 

Jefferson, 

county of Clay, 
Ohio. 


D. 

Mr. Thomas Brown, (Printer) 
Lowell, 
Mass. 
52 Elm st. 


E. 
Miss Helen M. Goodivin, 

city of New York. 
Care of Mrs. Simon \ 
Vose, 18 Pearl st. $ 


Mr. Henry Jarvis, 

Teacher of Music, 
Boston. 


G. 

Mrs. Edward Davis, 

Lynn, • 
Mass. 


H. 

Hon. W. P. Fessenden, M. C. 

city of Washington. 


K. 

Henry Langdon, M. A. 

Principal of Phil- 
lips Academy, 

Exeter, 
JV. H. 


L. 

To the Select Men 

of Warren, 

Maine. 


11. 

For the Secretary of State, 

Augusta, 
Maine. 


N. 

Mr. Enoch Bond, 

Hartford, 
Care of David ) Conn. 
King, Esq. ) 



In addressing persons living in the State in which the letter is mailed, we need put only the name of the town or Post Office for 
which it is intended, as in example a. If it is for a town in another State, the name of the town, or Post Office, and State, is 
wanted, as in example b. These two cases suppose only one town or Post Office of the same name in the State. But if there are two 
or more towns or Post Offices of like name in the State, the name of the county must be added to example a, and example b would 
require the county after the town, like example c. If it is a very prominent place, only the name of the person and city need be 
given, as in examples e, p, and h. In such a case every postmaster and clerk knows what place is meant, and omission of the State 
is agreeable to the best literary taste and usage. 

If the name of the profession or employment is short, it is best in line with the name of the person, and parenthesised, as in exam- 
ple d; but if it is long, it is better in a line below, like example f. When a higher title is used, the humble one Mister, is dropped, 
as in example k. There is an exception however to this in the title Rev., where the given name is wanted, or not used; as, Rev. Mr. 
Wilson. (Further on this in another place.) 



Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by A. M, C. Heath, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine. 



A Key to Exercises which follow, with instructions and principles on which 

depends their correction. 



J- 



1. Rule. When we refer either to indefinite past time 
or to a period of time which is past away, (which last 
might be called definite past time,) we should use the im- 
perfect form of the verb. 

a. Came. Change the present tense and elliptical parti- 
ciple come into the imperfect came, because we refer to a 
period of time which is past away. 

b. Ran. Change as above named, because we refer to 
indefinite past time. 

c. Did. Change the ell.* part, done into the imperfect 
did, because we refer to indefinite past time. 

d. Began. Change the elliptical part, begun into the 
imperfect began, because we refer to a period of time which 
is past away. 

2. Rule. Have or be, when used as an auxiliary, should 
always be connected with the ell. part, or third form of the 
verb. 

a. Written. Change the imperfect wrote into the ell. 
part, written, because it is connected with have as an aux- 
iliary. 

b. Worn. Change as last mentioned for the same reason. 

e. Chosen. Change the imperfect chose into the ell. part. 
chosen, because it is connected with be used as an auxiliary. 

3. Rule. When resting or situation is meant, neither 
the verb lay nor its participle should be used, but the verb 
lie or its participle. But when we would express placing 
or action done to an object, the verb lay should be used, or 
its participle ; thus, The stone lies as the mason laid it. In 
the first instance resting is meant, in the next, placing. 

a. Lies.^ Change the verb lay into the verb lie because 
situation is meant. 

b. Lay. The verb lie should be used because resting is 
meant, and imperfect tense of it, because definite past time 
is referred to. 

c. Has laid. The verb lay should be used because placing 
is meant. 

d. Lying. The participle of the verb lie should be used 
because resting is meant. 

e. Lay. Use the verb lay because placing is meant. 
/. Lie. Use the verb lie because resting is meant. 

* Ell. for elliptical; Part, for participle; Supp. Gr. for "Supplemental 
Grammar." The third form of the verb or that which is commonly called 
perfect participle, is in this work called elliptical participU. 



4. Rule. In reference to distinction in the uses of the 
verbs set and sit, it may be observed that where the mean- 
ing is transitive, the verb set should be used ; also when 
we would express the disappearing of the heavenly bodies 
below the horizon ; it is also properly used to express 
departure on a journey ; as, Set your house in order; The 
stars set; He set out on Wednesday. 

In all other meanings where these verbs have been mis- 
taken the one for the other, the verb sit should be used, or 
its participle. It is applied to express resting, the incuba- 
tion of birds, the session of a legislature or court, and the 
fitting of a garment ; thus, The man, woman, or child sits; 
the court sits; the birds sit on their eggs; the glove sits 
smooth. ■ 

a. Sit. Change the yerb set into the verb sit because 
resting is meant. 

b. Sat. The verb sit is used because resting is meant, 
and the imperfect tense of it, because definite past time is 
referred to. 

c. Sitting. This meaning requires the participle of sit. 

d. Sets. The going down of the heavenly bodies requires 
the verb set. 

e. Sillers. Because they sit. 

f. Sittees. Because it is a piece of furniture in which 
we sit.* 

g. Sets. Use the verb set because we liken her to stars. 

5. Shutters, sitting, shut. Shutters and shut are the 
proper words. Si^m^-room because it is a room for sitting. 

6. Partners. Because this is the right word and pro- 
nunciation. 

7. Cranberries. Reason as last given. 

8. Lilac. Because this is the right word for the mean- 
ing. 

9. Put out the light, or extinguish the light, would be a 
proper expression. There would be no impropriety in 
saying blow out the light, if we intended blow to express 
the particular manner; but as that is not generally the 
meaning, blow is not suitable. 

10. Showed. The imperfect of the verb show should be 
used. Shew is the nearly obsolete present tense form. 



* If it be proper to call Whitte, who sets dislocated parts of the body, a 
celebrated bone-sitter, then by like analogy we may name a thing made t» 
si* in, a settee. 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAS. 



11. Hallo is tho proper word; or the expression,/*^'/ 
the boatman. 

12. Poisonous. The meaning requires an adjective, and 
poison should be used only as a noun. 

13. Chaising is the proper word for the meaning. 

14. Chaise, for the same reason. 

15. I would rather go, &c. ; or, I prefer, or choose, going 
to staying. Nad applied as an auxiliary to the first form 
of the verb, constitutes a ludicrous anomaly. 

16. I would as lief have, or, I would as willingly have, 
&c. Had as lives have, like the instance in the last sen- 
tence, is a ludicrous and nonsensical connection of words. 

17. Chews is the proper word. 

18. Ought not. Had is improperly connected with ought. 

19. Have and Got often improperly applied. When sim- 
ply possession is meant, have alone should be used. , Got is 
properly accompanied with have when the meaning is to 
provide or to procure a thing ; but this is not so often the 
meaning. 

a. Have you Addison's, &c. Omit got because simply 
possession is meant. 

20. They passed us, &c. Went past forms an improper 
connection. 

21. He seldom if ever visits, &c, would be right; or, 
He seldom or never visits, &c. The climax word should 
come last. 

22. Almost. Most should be used only when it expresses 
the superlative degree of an adjective or adverb ; but almost 
may be required. 

23. Grudge is the proper word for the meaning. 

24. Toothache 
disease. 

25. Otherwise is the word which the meaning requires. 
20. Obstreperous. Eeason as last given. 

27. Remainder. What is left of a thing should be called 
remainder , not balance. 

28. Necessitated. Reason as given under 25. 

29. The figure one. Character or mark is the thing here 
meant, therefore figure is the right generic term, and one 
the individual, — the last being sometimes used to denote 
the sign, mark, or brand of a thing. First means order 
or something different from what is intended here, and 
although number i's sometimes applied with reference to 
sign, mark, or brand, figure is preferable in this place. 

30. Somewhat or something. Some is often improperly 
used instead of one of these words. 

31.. Unwell. The meaning requires an adjective, and 
poorly is an adverb. 

32, Vegetable. It is awkwardly wrong to call parsnips 
a sauce. 



Because this is the right name of the 



33. Nimble, active, or quick — whichever the meaning 
may require, instead of spry, which is a word without 
dignity or meaning. 

34. Very well. Nicely being an adverb, is improperly 
used as an adjective, and an adjective is what is here re- 
quired. 

35. Weight. Heft is bad English in any sense. 

36. Were you at, &c. You must always have a plural 
verb, whether it means one person, or more than one ; and 
at should be used in all analogous cases ; as, At school, at 
work, at play, &c. To is seldom, if ever, admissible after' 
the verb be, before a noun of place. 

37. Remark. It is a common fault to use a possessive 
pronoun when there is no possession meant ; as, He paid- 
him his money for it ; I will furnish you your tools. It* 
should be, He paid him in money for it ; I will furnish 
you tools. 

a. Him shame. The meaning is, that he glories in what 
ought to cause him to have shame. But as he has not that 
shame, his should not be used. 

38. Latter and last have reference to time, place, &c, 
indifferently ; later and latest to time only. 

a. Last accounts, &c. As time is not meant, last should 
be used. 

39. Cannot help. We are expected to waste that which 
we cannot help wasting. 

40. Will you put these things in order for me.* 

41. Ill accord, &c. 

42. A pretty good scholar, teacher, &c. 

43. Brought up in, &c. 

44. Robust or healthy child. 

45. He will sometimes get lowspirited. 

46. Will you lend me, &c. 

47. He shows much warmth of temper. 

48. His argument was founded on this fact. 

49. When did you come into town? 

50. Primitive sense. 51. I saw him ten days ago. 
52. Address your letters, &c. 53. If I mistake not. 
54. I shall mention, &e. 55. A fine summer day. 
56. She is an elderly lady. 57. Take a draught. 

58. Shut the door. 

59. He notifies to the public, &c, ; or, he gives notice to 
the public. To notify signifies to make known ; hence the 
impropriety of " he notifies the public." 

60. Long, or somewhat long. Lengthy, is a word with- 
out definite meaning. It is an Americanism entirely uncalled 
for. We mi^it with equal propriety say strengthy and 
brcadlhy of a thing which is strong and broad. 

* The fallowing 19 ee.iteuces are copied from an .English work of reliable 
authority. 






APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAK. 



61. James is as good a scholar ; or, James is a scholar 
equally good. Either equally or as should be dispensed with. 

62. New England people. Sometimes family or persons 
should be used instead of folks, which is a vulgar word, 
though sometimes used by those to whom we look for 
better language. 

63. Those, Because the pronoun them should not be 
applied ns an adjective. 

64. The verb kidnap. Omit to as superfluous and im- 
proper. 

65. Before is the word meant. 

66. All — Every — Each. All is collective; every single 
or individual ; each distributive. All and every are used in 
speaking of numbers however large ; each is more fitly 
applied to small numbers. Example : All men are not born 
with the same talent ; but every man has a talent peculiar 
to himself. The teacher gave each of his scholars a reward 
of merit. 

«. Each lover, a husband, the thorn. It should be each 
rather than every, because the meaning seems to be distrib- 
utive. Although compared as lovers she might be said to 
have many, yet in a general view the number would be 
considered a small one, — which is another reason for pre- 
ferring each. A instead of her because possession is not 
implied here. The before thorn because it is a definite 
subject, there being but one thorn to a rose. See 37, and 3 
on the Article in Supp. Gr. 

67. Ingratiate himself. &o. Ingratiate implies an object, 
which should always be supplied. 

68. Plaited, is the proper word. 

69. Remark:. We must be aware that there is a verb 
lose, a verb loose, and a verb loosen — each of a different im- 
port ; as, I lost my dog, because Frank loosed him. when 
my order was to loosen him. 

The well known meaning of the first verb in this ex- 
ample, is, to be deprived of; the next means to set at liberty 
or to extricate; and the last means to make loose or lax. In 
this instance it means to give more play of chain or cord. 

a. Losing. The participle of lose is wanted because be- 
ing deprived of is meant. 

70. Hanged. Because the meaning is to take away life. 

71. Hung. Because merely to suspend is meant. 

72. Wrought. Because manufacturing is meant. 

73. Wrought. Because the action is received by what 
is denoted by an abstract noun. 

74. Worked. Because we mean merely to labor. 

75. Worked. Because manufacturing is not meant, but 
action done to a substance.* 

* See fuller reasons for correcting the last six sentences, under totters, in 
26th pa^e #f Supp. Gr. 
1* 



76. My countrymen. Fellow is superfluous and improper 
I here, To render this more clear to the reader, he will perceive 

that countrymen in this use, is analogous to friends, neighbors, ' 
j brothers, &c, of whom we properly say, They are my countrymen^ 
I my neighbors-, my friends* my brothers. We properly say, Fel- 
\ low citizens, fellow christianst felloio teachers, fellow board- 
ers; or, he is a fellow teacher, fellow boarder, &c. But we can't 
say of them as in the other examples, " they are my citizens, my 
christians, my teachers, my boarders" — for this is not true. The 
j meaning is, they are citizens and I am a citizen with them; they 
are teachers and I am a teacher also; they are boarders and I am 
a boarder at the same place. Thus we see, that when the sense 
Will admit the application of my or a possessive pronoun to nouns 
of kindred meaning, fellow will not be proper, 

77. This gentleman being a fellow boarder, I introduce, 
&c. Omit with me as superfluous. 

78. Aloud. Because we mean in contradistinction from 
a whisper. 

79. Don't wake the baby. Up is superfluous. 

80. Remark. When to cut down trees or to make pros- 
irate, is meant, the verb fell should be used, and not the 
verb fall. 

a. The boys have felled — they will soon fell, &c. The 
\erh fell should be used, because to cut down trees is meant. 

81. Uses of the word Patr. Pair means two of any 
thing that belong together, whether animals or things; as, A pair 
of doves; a pair of oxen, {yoke being often used in the last sense.) 
It is sometimes applied to the husband and wife. When applied 
to things that are manufactured, the two are designed to go 
together, and in almost all cases, they are made alike, and are 
necessarily used together; as, "Apair of gloves; &pair of shoes." 
It is applied to andirons, and a variety of other things, because 
they are alike and indispensably go together. *But in regard to 
two members or organs of the body, pair is not elegantly applied, 
nor is it according to good usage. But we say, birds have two eyes, 
two wings, and two legs. Though in similar meaning pair may 
be applied to give an expression of humor or burlesque, which 
may be suitable on some occasions. Nor is pair strictly appli- 
cable to lamps and candlesticks, though by many thus used. It 
is true that all of these articles of the same class are made alike, 
yet no two of them in particular are designed to g® together. It 
is customary to use one of these articles alone, or two or more to- 
gether, as occasion requires. The general custom of people in 
buying two of these articles at a time, and consequently restrict- 
ing them to be sold in twos, has probably been the cause of this 
use of pair with the purchaser, and from convenience of expression 

| the seller may say that his lamps or candlesticks are so much a 
! pair, But observe his language further. In making out a bill, 
j the accomplished merchant or accountant would say, " To 2 dozen 
| lamps;*' " To 1 dozen candlesticks." It must be a green hand at. 
•| the counting desk, that should write, " Dozen pairs of lamps;" 

-"■Six pairs of candlesticks." 

1 The reason that pair has been widely applied to shirts, i?, it is 



4 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



probable, that a person must necessarily have two to make a 
change. But those are often not made alike, nor are they used 
together. Certain single articles, whose nouns are plural in form, 
receive, perhaps on account of their construction, the established 
application of the word pair; as, A pair of shears; a pair of 
pants, &c. But this use of the language seems not to have been 
fully carried out in its application to some things equally analogous. 
We might with as much propriety say, li A.pair of vises (of iron); 
a pair of traps; a pair of forks, &c, and thus pluralize the 
nouns with the meaning of only one of those articles, for each of 
them has two parts the same as tongs, shears, &c. 

There is a striking fitness in applying pair to glasses or specta- 
cles, and to scales (meaning balances); but that it should be 
applied to bellows, is contrary to analogy and good taste. Another 
reason against the application of pair to this article, is, bellows 
admits of the indefinite article and the application of the pronom- 
inal adjectives this and that, and not these and those; as, A bellows; 
this bellows; that bellows. Those other nouns to which bellows 
seems to have some analogy, will not admit of this. We cannot 
say, " A drawers, a pincers; that drawers, this pincers, — but 
those drawers, these pincers. 

a. Like an old bellows. Omit pair. 

b. A pair of scales. Because we mean balances. We properly 
say, a set of weights, but not a set of scales or balances. 

c. A set of bars, a flight of stairs, two shirts. Pair would be 
wrong because the two are not always alike ; a better reason is, 
they are not used together. 

82. Brain, in both cases — consequently is in place of are. 

83. Surname. It should be thus written and in the sin- 
gular number. (For the last two sentences see under 13 
and 27 on number of the noun, in Supp. Gr. 

84. Distinction in a use of For and As. When a sub- 
ject is yet to become that which is denoted of it in the last 
noun, for should* be used ; as, He took three Indians and 
gold them to the inhabitants for slaves. They were not 
slaves when sold, but were sold to be slaves. But if a 
subject is already that which the noun standing for it 
means, as should be used; as, I choose you as & friend; 
that is, as being now a friend. 

a. For his own, because it is not his till I give it to him. 

85. In the ship Lady Washington. Common nouns 
generally begin with a small letter. 

86. North Salem. For the last two corrections, see 
among the last paragraphs on the uses of capital letters. 

87. Master of, &c. Because the mastery of them can 
belong to but one, which may be a male or a female. See 
1G on Gender, in Supp. Gr. 

88. Overflowed. The meaning requires the participle 
of the compound verb overflow, which terminates like that 
of its simple, flow. 

S9. Township and town. Township means a certain 
dimension of territory, considered with regard to its val- 



leys, mountains, streams, rocks, soil, the product of it, 
and what is accessible beneath it. 90. Town in addition 
to all this, includes its incorporation, its laws to regulate 
its inhabitants or society, its public buildings, high ways, 
railroads, canals, and all which art has done for it. 

a. Townships. For a reason see under figure 89. 

b. Town. For a reason see under figure 90. 

91. Preventive. Preventitive has no place in our lan- 
guage. 

92. Loam and impassable are the right words. 

93. Prefix, and affix or annex. Prefix means to put or 
fix before, as at the beginning or first part of a thing. 
Affix or annex means to unite at the end, to subjoin or to 
add at the close. 

a. Prefixing. Because those words are placed before the 
adjectives. 

b. Annexing is a more definite word, and therefore pref- 
erable. 

Philosophy of the Perfect and Imperfect Tenses. 

94. The Imperfect Tense refers either to indefinite past 
time separated in idea from the present moment, or to a 
definite period of time which is past away ; as, He ran a 
race; She performed her part well ; I saw him yesterday; 
It occurred last week. 

95. The Perfect Tense refers to past time and conveys 
an allusion to the present ; as, There has been much rain 
this summer ; I have witnessed much vice and folly ; I have 
finished my work. Allusion is conveyed to the present 
with reference to a prior period of time, various ways. In 
the first example allusion is conveyed to the present with 
reference to a former period, by some part of the period of 
time in which the action w T as done, this summer , remaining. 
In the second example it means from earliest observation 
to the present moment I have witnessed much vice and 
folly. The last example includes an indefinite period of 
past time, in which the mind is carried back to the com- 
mencement of the work and brought down to the time of 
finishing it, which is now. 

96. The difference in the shade of idea which requires 
one of these tenses in preference to the other, is sometimes 
very nice ; but closeness of thought will discover a prin- 
ciple which should direct a choice. Take a few cases in 
point : 

A young man having returned from a ride, and entering his 
father's house evidently in great pain, and one of his arms help- 
less, the father inquires, "What is the matter?" The son answers, 
"I have broken my arm." He naturally and properly uses the 
perfect tense. The act of breaking the arm was indeed prior to 
the present moment, yet there is nothing to carry the mind back 
to a point of time separated from the present. But more than 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



this; there are the evidences of pain and the broken arm, which 
convey an allusion to the present, — as much so as if he had said, 
" I have a broken arm." But if he had exhibited a sound arm, 
he would properly have said, "I broke my arm, — but you see it 
is whole now." Here we refer only to some indefinite point of past 
time, which is separated from the present by the arm's having got 
well. If he had said, "I fell from my carriage and broke my 
arm," it is clearly seen that the falling from the carriage and the 
breaking of his arm, carries us distinctly to a point of past time. 
Again: A friend calls at the house and seeing the young man in 
his easy chair with bis arm slung up and a doctor present, in- 
quires, "What has happened to you?" He answers, "I broke my 
arm, but the doctor has set it." Here allusion of broke to the 
present time is cut oft" by the doctor's having set the arm, there- 
fore the imperfect tense is right. But has set conveys allusion to 
the present by the doctor's being still in the room, and the arm's 
expressing that appearance; besides this there is nothing to convey 
allusion to a point of past time separated from the present. 
Further on this: "The doctor set it, but I have got it out of 
place." The getting it out of place conveys allusion to the present 
by its being still out of place, and there is nothing to carry the 
action to any point of time separated from the present. But this 
act carries the setting of it away from the present, therefore the 
imperfect is used there. 

97. As it is seen that there is a variety of things that 
may convey an allusion to the present ; so there are many 
particulars which may break the chain of time from being 
connected with the present. No matter how near the pres- 
ent time the action was performed, if we advert back to a 
a period of time prior to the present moment, the imperfect 
must be used. "You read that very well ; Jane performed 
her part admirably ; But I made a blunder in singing the 
air ;" "When did you make that letter 1" " I made it not a 
minute ago." Although these acts are just performed, they 
all refer to a point of time which is vanished from the 
present, therefore the imperfect is used. 

Further on these nice shades of distinction. " I have written 
my name with my eyes shut." (A moment after shows the name.) 
"Ah, did you write that with your eyes shut?" "Yes, I wrote 
that with my eyes shut." The product of writing is brought to 
view in the last two sentences, and this carries the act away from 
the present moment. But in the first instance the result of the 
act of writing is not given, so that there is nothing to cut off an 
allusion to the act from the present time. 

"I have lost my watch" is a complete expression, and requires 
the perfect tense, conveying an allusion to the present in the idea 
that it is still lost. But "I lost my watch" leaves something im- 
plied, and favors the idea that I afterwards found it. 

A person is begging by the way side. A traveller says, "Why 
is this?" He replies, " My foot caught in the machinery of a 
mill, and by that accident I have lost a leg." Here the mind is 
indeed carried slightly to the occasion of his loss, yet reference to 
his condition at the present time is more weighty than the manner 



of losing his limb— therefore the perfect tense justly rules in this 
case. 

98. From what has been shown we infer that when we 
speak indefinitely of anything as happening or not happen- 
ing in the day, year, or age in which we mention it, the 
perfect tense must be employed; as, I have worked hard 
to-day ; I have traveled much this year; Philosophers have 
made great discoveries in the present century. 

99. But some verbs express action of a nature which 
finds an exception to the foregoing remark ; as, I came into 
town to-day; lie saw my friend this very forenoon. In 
these examples the verbs refer to a point of time which is 
isolated in idea from the present moment. 

100. Under the authority of grammatical writers, w r e 
are allowed to use the perfect tense when the action is con- 
nected with the present by the existence of an author's 
work, though it may have been performed, and its author 
been dead, many centuries ago ; as, Cicero has written ora- 
tions. The orations are in being. But we cannot say 
Cicero has written poems, because the poems are lost. 

Examples like the following come under the rule of per- 
fect tense : "Man has always inclined to abuse his power ; 
Priests have in all ages claimed great power." These acts 
extend from the beginning of man and priests to the present 
time. 

101. But in speaking of a person ^r subject that is now 
no more, we should use the imperfect tense ; as, "Shakes- 
pear wrote for the benefit of mankind ; The Druid priests 
claimed great powers." Shakespear is no more, and the 
Druid priesthood is past away.* 

a. James, were you ever at Niagara Falls 1 The verb 
should be in the imperfect tense because f||, refer to an in- 
definite point of past time which is separated in idea from 
the present. This is also in accordance with the best taste, 
and with the best usage, in expressions denoting time 
similar to this; as, Were you ever sick? Did you ever see 
Lorenzo Dow? (supposing him still living). At instead of 
to because N. F. is a point of place. See 22 on prepositions 
in Supp. Gr. 

102. Note. But when action or being, which began at 
a past period of time separated in idea from the present, 
extends also to the present, and still continues, neither the 
perfect nor the imperfect tense should be used, but the 
present ; as, He has the consciousness of serving you faith- 
fully during his term of service. He had the consciousness 
then, has had it to the present time, and he still has it. 
The present tense, including the time of all the three, 

* The proper place for this long, and the greater part of it original, article 
on the perfect and imperfect tenses, with the Note connected with it, is in tha 
Supp. Gr. ; but as it was not prepared when that part of the work wag got 
off, it is, in this edition, placed in the Appendix. 



APriiKJ;IX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAS. 



gives more Weight fco the Idea, and is therefore preferable. 

a. Am honored. Present tense because he is still honored 
by it. 

b. I have the honor in part to have represented, &c. Pres- 
ent tense of the Indicative because he still has the honor; 
perfect of the Infinitive because it refers to time antecedent 
to have the verb on which it depends. See 20 on Tense in 
£>npp. Gr. 

103. Was seventy-eight. Number is so connected in 
idea with scholars that it refers to the same time that they 
do. They were 80 man} 7 ; we can't say they are now. 

104. Expresses — is. Number here is referred to merely 
as a figure, unassociated with units. And as it now ex- 
presses the hosts, as well as then, and is always an odd 
number, both verbs should be in the present tense. See 8 
on Tense in Supp. Gr. 

105. Into quarters and give me one of them. Quarters 
implies four, and equal in size. 

lOG. Boasted turkey. The first form of a verb should 
not be used for a participial adjective. See 41 on the num- 
ber of the noun in Supp. Gr. 

107. Have you buff Marseilles vesting'? Because buff 
is more neatly applied to the article to express the color. 

108. He wore a coat of drab cloth. Reason as last. 

109. Lead color school-house. Colored expresses a shade 
of meaning which is fftt wanted, the idea of coloring. See 
2d remark under figure 150. 

110. Went to see her. It was went with him. 

111. To the wholesomeness of food. See 123. 

112. Cohere and adhere. Cohere from two Latin words 
con, together, wjAJmrco, to stick) means to stick together, 
as when two piOTes of matter are in contact, each possess- 
ing equally, or somewhat so, the attracting quality. We 
properly say, these two balls of wax equally cohere. 

' Adhere (from the Latin ad, to, and the otrjer Latin part 
just considered) means to stick to, as when only one of the 
two things in contact has the property of holding to the 
other. The wax adheres to the table, not coheres. 

a. Will not cohere. Because we mean that each part 
will not stick to the other. 

b. Adhere. Because we mean that only one of the parts 
will stick to the other. 

c. Cohere. Because we mean that each part will equally 
stick to the other. 

113. Come and Go. Come is used when we mean the 
removing of persons from an absent place to us ; from a 
distant place or country, to the place or country in which 
we are ; as, They come to us ; lie came from Windsor to 
Andover (supposing we arc in Andover). The Hungarian 
exiles came to this country ; The Europeans come in multi- 



tudes to America. But when we mean the departure from 
the place where we are to some other place, or the removal 
of persons absent from us or in a distant country, to some 
other place or country, go should be used ; as/l shall go 
to your house to-morrow ; The Chinese go to California for 
gold. Our friends go from Australia to Liverpool, and 
come from there to New England (supposing we are in 
New England). Let him that is on the house-top not go 
down, &c. A sailor on board a ship at anchor, says to his 
comrade on a wharf near him, "Come on board." The 
other properly replies. " I cannot go on board to-day." It 
is tome with the former, but go with the latter. 

a. Go down, &c. Because we mean going from one place 
to another, both of which are away from us. 

114. The author, &c. See 16 on Gender in Supp. Gr. 

115. Mathematics is, &c. Omit the because mathematics 
is taken in its most extensive signification. If the name of 
a science is spoken of in a definite sense, the article is used 
with it ; as, "The mathematics I once learned is gone from 
me." 

115. What sort of animal. For the correction of this 
and the one preceding, see 11 on the Article in Supp Gr. 

117. Which kind of verb. See figure 8 on the Pronoun, 
and on the Article as in the preceding correction. 

118. Incident and accident — Incidental and accidental. An 
incident is something that occurs according to the design' 
and wishes of a man, or among brutes, according to the 
instinct and inclination of brutes. 119. An accident is- 
something that occurs contrary to the design and order of 
man ; or among brutes, contrary to the instinct and incli- 
nation of brutes. 

A buck spotted with red paint, and straying into a neigh- 
boring flock, is an incident ; his scaring the flock by this 
means is an accident; the sheep's running to get away 
from him is an incident; but one of them's falling into a- 
ditch in its flight and breaking its leg, is an accident. 

If in a doctor's applying a chemical mixture to cure a 
man's hand, some of it should fall on his white pants and 
take out a grease spot, the falling of the mixture on his 
pants would be an accident, and the discovery of this effect 
of the mixture would be accidental. If in applying a mix- 
ture to the head to cure a humor or eruption, it turns the 
' hair red or black, the discovery of its effect on the hair is 
incidental. 

Some of the most fortunate and important circumstances 
in our lives are accidental; there are maladies of the body 
which are incidental. 

a. Incident. See 118. b. Accidental. See 110. 

c. Accident. See 119. ' d. Incidental. Se* 118. 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAS. 



9 ? 



120. Ho has often come to me about the matter, and I 
have as often gone to him to settle it. 

121. Two sheets. Couple is nearly allied to pair in its 
application, and is uncalled for only when applied to two 
persons or things that are classed together for an occasion 
or for a life time ; thus, There were twelve couple at the 
wedding ; They are a happy couple. So we say "a couplet 
of poetry," of two lines that are set together. But to 
apply couple to sheets of paper, pens, and scores of things, 
which is the general practice of many people, is^ not only 
using a needless circumlocution, but it is applying couple 
wrong. 

122. Plentiful. There are two adjectives meaning copi- 
ousness, of the same derivation — plentiful applied to mat- 
ter, and plenteous applied to abstract nouns; as, plentiful 
showers; plenteous redemption: Therefore the noun plenty 
used for an adjective is the more objectionable. 

123. Remark. There is an error which is very exten- 
sively made in the use of the adjectives healthy, icholesome, and 
healthful. We say healthy food, healthy climate, healthy person — 
applying one of these adjectives indiscriminately to animals, food, 
and means that promote health. Properly speaking, that which 
enjoys health is healthy, and figuratively we may apply it to 
vegetables as well as animals; as, A healthy plant; a healthy tree. 
"We may also apply it to a member or organ of the body; as, A 
healthy stomach. That which is good for health and is taken into 
the stomach, as food, drink, air, is wholesome. And whatever else 
contributes to health, as climate, exercise, sleep, &c, is healthful. 
So we properly say a healthful influence, a healthful condition. 
The same application of these adjectives is to be made when a 
negative meaning is intended; as, Uaicholesome drink; unhealth- 

ful climate. A noun partaking of the same meaning is to be 
applied accordingly; as, The unhealthfulness of the climate — not 
unhealihiness. 

a. Healthful. Because it is an external contributor to health. 

b. Healthful. Eeason as last given. 

c. Wholesome. Because it is food. 

d. Healthful. Because it is a state promotive of health. 

e. Healthy. Because enjoyment of health is meant. 

124. Remark. When action is received by that which 
is denoted by the nominative, a passive verb should generally be 
used; as, "The bank note was blown into the fire and burnt;" i. e. 
was burnt An expression like the following is a justifiable ex- 
ception to this rule, and is in almost universal good usage: Please 
not to wait; Please to be seated. The meaning here is passive, be 
thou pleased. We do not ask the person to please us^but to be 
pleased himself by so doing. Similar meaning when applied to 
kings and chiefs of a nation, is given with the objective of what in 
the other forms was the nominative; as, "May it please the king." 

The following is in popular use : "A house to let;" " He is to 
blame." The former maybe sometimes allowed for its contrac- 
tion; but the latter is not suited to dignified language. Even in 



conversation, if we would avoid the weightier expression to be. 
blamed, the adjective is to the purpose; as, "He is blamable for 
that." 

a. Were drowned — hanged as witches. Passive form of the 
verb because action is received by that denoted by the nominative. 
Hanged because taking away life is meant. As, because they 
were considered already witches. See figure 84. 

125. Poet. The masculine gender, because poet is here 
referred to in a general sense, with no reference to the sex. 

126. That instead of as. Because it is the conjunction 
the meaning requires. 

127. Unhealthfulness. See figure 123. 

128. Remark. Some nouns are occasionally applied as 
adjectives, because they impart a certain shade of meaning 
required, which the adjectives derived from them do not 
give ; as, A temperance society, meaning a society for pro- 
moting temperance. Society here does not mean persons, 
but a corporation, a body or quantity of persons. There- 
fore the adjective temperate cannot be applied. So we say 
a charity school ; a society meeting, meaning a school sup- 
ported by charity, a meeting of a society. The school is 
not charitable, nor the meeting social. 

a. Temperance, for the reason just given. 

b. Society library. Because it belongs to a society. 

c. Almost — charity. Most cannot be applied except as an 
adjective, or as an adverb to compare aa adjective or adverb. 
Charity because it is an institution forpromoting charity. 

120. The brig lay, &c. Change the verb lay into the 
verb lie because resting is meant, and the perfect tense into 
the imperfect because we refer to definite past time, last 
month. (Remember the verb lie in imperfect tense, is the 
first form of the verb lay. See 3, and 1.) 

To is right in this sentence if it is simply meant that 
she has lain useless ; but if an object is had in view, for 
would be preferable. 

130. An equal number of good cows eat no more than 
bad ones. Omit the same number of as tautological. 

131. Healthy intellect — healthy stomach. Figuratively 
we may say a healthy intellect. See figure 123. 

132. Expect— Hope — Suspect — Guess. We expect what 
13 future of the expectation, therefore the word should not 
be used with reference to the present or past. Hope also 
refers to the future, but we hope what we desire to have 
take place ; whilst we expect what may be unpleasant. We 
suspect where we have slight reason for forming an opinion. 
But we guess at things without any reason or calculation 
to base an opinion upon; as, I guess the number of pieces 
in your pocket is even ; I guess my absent friend is now 
reading a letter. 

a. Suppose, or think is the right word. Expect is wrong be- 
cause the ability to perform is now.' 



10 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



b. Expect. Because reference is had to future time. 

c. Suspect. Because we have only a slight reason for 
the opinion. 

d. Think, or suspect, as may best suit the shade of mean- 
ing intended. Guess is wrong because we have some ground 
on which to form an opinion. 

133. Change and Exchange. Change means to alter, 
to become different ; to put one thing in place of another ; 
also to have one thing and take another, without any refer- 
ence to what becomes of what is left. The color changes, 
the seasons change, the invalid changes his diet ; we change 
books when we leave the former and take others ; we 
change our opinions when we give up old and adopt new 
ones. 

Exchange means to barter, to give and take reciprocally ; 
to give one thing and receive another in pay for it, whether 
it is like it or different. We exchange wool for cloth ; flour 
for rice ; raw materials for manufactured articles ; gold for 
coined money ; bank-notes for specie, &c. 

There is, however, one sense in which giving and taking recip- 
rocally is included, which is expressed by change; as, To give any 
larger denomination of money for an equivalent in pieces of a 
smaller denomination, for the purpose of having the convenience 
of the smaller pieces or parts; as, To give an eagle and receive an 
equivalent in dollars; to give a dollar and receive an equivalent in 
quarters, dimes, or cents; or to give a hundred dollar bank-note 
and receive its value in lens, fives, &c. We call this changing the 
eagle, the dollar, or the bank-note. But if we merely refer to the 
passing of one denomination of money for an equivalent of another, 
with no regard to the convenience of the smaller, exchange would 
be the better word; as, "I will exchange my dimes for your 
cents;" "I wish to exchange a few fives for threes, twos and 
ones." 

Exchange is also used in the following sense : To lay aside, 
quit, or resign one thing, state, or condition, and take another in 
place of it; as, To exchange a crown for a cowl; to exchange a 
life of ease for a life of toil. 

a. Exchange. Because we give one thing and receive another 
in pay for it. 

b. Changed. Because to alter is meant. 

c. Exchanged. Because giving and taking reciprocally is 
meant. 

d. Change. Because we mean the putting by one thing and 
taking another in its stead, but not as pay for it. 

e. Change. Because we mean the giving of a larger denomi- 
nation of money for the convenience of the amount in a smaller. 

134. Remark. Over the signature, improperly used in- 
stead of under. In regard to this error so frequent among 
writers of our country, Pickering very aptly remarks, "We 
might with equal propriety say, 'Given over my hand and 
seal.'" But none give it so. All properly say, " Under 
my hand and seal." The best American, as well as English 



writers — and all who use the English language, say, "under 
a name;" as, He went under a, false name. The term in 
such phrases is figurative, and means under the sanction 
and authority, or responsibility of. It has nothing to do 
with the mere relative position of the writing and the name 
or signature attached to it — a circumstance in itself of no 
consequence. 

a Under the signature. Because we mean the authority 
under which the piece goes forth. 

135. Scotch people ; or, my grandfather and father were 
Scotchmen, and my grandmother was a Scotchwoman. 

136. Him a gold medal. Presented governs medal, there- 
fore with is superfluous, and should be omitted. 

137. Whom did she marry ? Omit with as superfluous. 

138. Coition is — . Cotton alone expresses the article. 

139. More than our neighbors. The rest of includes the 
meaning that we are a part of our neighbors. 

140. Schoolmistresscs\ The two parts of this compound 
word, like schoolmaster and some others, should be written 
in one word — not even separated by a hyphen. It should 
be plural because it is an association of schoolmistresses. 
It should have the possessive form because it denotes pos- 
session rather than kind of association. 

141. Author. The masculine is applied to a female 
here, because the term is used in reference to both sexes. 
(See 16 on Gender in Supp. Gr.) 

142. Remark. Either should be used only when we 
refer to two things or persons, and mean but one of the 
two. Either of the three would therefore be incorrect. 

a. Each, because it gives exactly the meaning. 

143. Beautiful, pease. A quality of pease is meant, not 
manner of growing ; and pease should be thus written 
because it is referred to as a species. 

144. Ague and fever. Because the ague is first, and 
fever is the consequence of it. 

145. Experienced, or knew. 

146. Before is the proper word. 

147. On, because we mean the basis on which the thing 
rests. 

148. Remark. At auction is an expression that is almost 
universally copied by our countrymen, excepting the very 
highest class of scholars. Auction is from the Latin auctio y 
which means an enlargement or enlarging, and is here a 
compend for increasing the price. One bids, another bids, 
and so another. The articles are sold and bought by in- 
creasing the price. This illustrates the propriety of by 
and the unfitness of at. It is very seldom that our mean- 
ing can be such as to justify at auction. If we mean only 
the place, we should say at an auction room. 

a. By auction, because we mean the manner of selling them. 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 



11 



149. In instead of within. This is an American con- 
traction, used by the higher classes as well as the lower, 
though contrary to the instruction of some grammatical 
writers. In here is evidently a contraction for in the house, 
and seems to be used without reference to the opposite 
meaning, outside of the house, which is more strictly im- 
plied by within.* 

150. Fellow students. Omit my as improper and super- 
fluous. 

151. John played a flute, and James, a violin. Omit 
on, &c. 

152. Which season. Because the seasons of life are 
supposed to be well known to the hearers. 

153. Because and away should be omitted as superfluous. 

154. Beginners. Beginners includes the idea of new. 

155. Stepmother. Another wife is stepmother to the 
husband's former children, — not mother-in-law. A woman 
is mother-in-law to her son's wife, or to her daughter's 
husband. 

150. Note — The idea exact. Rhetoricians tell us that 
we may fail of giving the idea which we should express, in 
three respects. 1st. Our language may give but a part of 
the idea. 2d. It may include the whole idea and something 
more. 3d. Or it may give not the idea intended, but some- 
thing else that resembles it. Example of the first: They 
are like white sepulchres, &c. W luted is required, which 
would include the idea of white, and bring to view the act 
of making them so with a design to deceive — which makes 
out the whole idea to be expressed. Example of the last : 
A collective noun conveying an idea of unity, requires its 
verb, noun, and pronoun to be of the singular number. 
This means — conveying an idea of what unity is. But, 
conveying unity of idea means a unity idea, which is what 
is intended to be expressed. • 

a. Wetted cheek. Because this word includes the mean- 
ing of wet, and beautifully brings to view her shedding of 
tears. 

157. An should be omitted before animal because it is 
taken in its most extensive sense. 

158. The grammars now, &c. Grammar is used for 
the book as well as for the science, therefore book is super- 
fluous. 

159. Panes from. Of glass should be omitted ae su- 
perfluous, as fane means a square of glass. 

160. Susan fainted. Omit away as superfluous. 

161. In course, &c. In, because the meaning is — as a 
consequence — as a matter following. 



* Though this use of in seems plausible to the author, yet he would not 
be dictatorial on this point, but leave it to the rule of the first class of 
Eujlisb and American usagw. 



162. Unknown — forty pounds — by auction. Weight means 
gravity or heaviness, and is very improperly used with a numeral 
adjective for pounds. In speaking of weights and measures, 
weight has a difierent meaning. In this sense weight means a 
certain amount of gravity, and if meaning a plurality, we see it 
would require the plural form weights, as nouns generally do. 
But it would convey no definite meaning, for weights are of various 
denomination. Put it to the test in a femiliar example, which will 
convince the understanding of all that weight cannot be substi- 
tuted for pound. " I will take a iveight of tea, and three weights 
of coffee." The question must necessarily follow, what kind of 
weight ? — a three pound weight, a one pound weight, a half pound 
weight, or an ounce weight ? But perhaps the pupil will now ask, 
"Why is it, then, that it is said in some books, that Cwt. means a 
hundred weight?" Answer: A hundred in this sense is not applied 
to units, any more than the word ton is, which means a certain 
amount in measure or in weight. There seems no need of weight's 
being applied to hundred here, for it means a certain amount of 
that which is weighed. Sometimes this hundred is 100 lbs. Avoir- 
dupois, — sometimes 112 lbs. If iveight be applied, the language 
would properly be one hundred in weight; as in distinguishing 
the two kinds of ton, — if of hay, it is a ton in weight, if of tim- 
ber, it is a ton in measure. 

That and was are right, because forty pounds is referred to in 
that collective body as conveying unity to the mind. See further, 
figures 91—148. 

163. Neckerchief or cravat. Kerchief means a piece of 
cloth, therefore neckerchief is a piece of cloth for the neck, 
or a neckcloth ; and handkerchief a piece of cloth for the 
hand ; but neck handkerchief is a ludicrous compound of 
idea. 

164. The red foxes ; the black ones. Without the arti- 
cle only an equal number of each kind would be expressed. 
The is required because we mean all the red foxes — all the 
black foxes. (See 12 on the Article, in Supp. Gr.) 

165. Went instead of came, because he has reference 
to what he did when he left his debtor. He then went. 

166. Remark. If we mean imparting knowledge the 
verb teach should be used, but if acquiring it is meant, the 
verb learn is proper. The master teaches, and the pupil 
learns. Hence learn cannot have a person or a creature for 
its object. 

a. Teach, because imparting knowledge is meant. 

167. I do not doubt that the canal, &c. Omit but, 
because but and that should seldom, if ever, come together 
in a sentence as conjunctions. In avoiding this error it ia 
sometimes necessary to employ the negative not in order to 
give the sense intended ; thus, " He would not be per- 
suaded but that I was greatly in fault," should be — that I 
was not greatly in fault. We sometimes find but wrong 
before that used as a relativo ; as, " There was nothing 



12 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GEAMMAft. 



lut thai he could do." It should be, "There was nothing 
that (or which) he could not do." 

168. Wilson, of Portland, of May, shall commence, 
Spring, Monday. When belonging is meant, as in these 
oases, of should be used. Spring in this connection is an 
emphatic word, and should therefore commence with a 
capital. Will here only promises. Simply future time is 
meant, and in sncli a sense shall is required with the third 
person to express it; as, John says he shall not go that 
way. Will in this example would express unwillingness 
or obstinacy. See 34 on Number of the noun ; 5 or. Prep- 
ositions ; and 12 and 14 in i\\Q uses of capital letters, in 
Supp. Gr. 



1G0. Which kind of clause. See fgure 8 on the JL'rCK 
noun, and 11 on the Article, in Supp. Gr. 

170. Expected. Because there was no reason for that 
conclusion. 

171. Had hoped. Because he desired that should take 
place. (Refer to 132 for the last two corrections.) 

172. Healtky. Figuratively we apply healthy to Public 
I Opinion, the same as to a person that is in good health — 
i not healthful. 

173. Healthful. Because it has the qualities to promote 
1 health. (Refer to fgure 123 for hist two.) 



lii 2L Jtt Hi C X S J& § 



2A1IIATIOII AIJB OOBHSOTIOH. 



(Tn going through with the "> Exercises," the pupil is advised to measure off for a lesson, to any particular number or figure, and 
then perfectly to commit all the principal instruction connected with the " Key" up to that number or figure; then turn to his lesson, 
— first reading the sentence as it is, then repeating what is wrong as it should be, and giving the reason without turning to the 
H Key," except when necessary.) 

When the sentence refers to a letter, that letter is found in the "Key," following the subject treated of under the last figure. 



1 a. He come to town yesterday*. 
h. A horse run over a bridge. 

<:. She done it very well. 

d. lie begun the work last week. 

2 a. Elizabeth has wrote a long letter. 
//. Albert has wore his coat thread bare. 

c. The governor will be chose in September.. 

* He soon begun to be weary of having nothing to clo. 
T see my old friend last week. By too eager a pursuit he 
•run a great risk of being disappointed. Cesar tells us that 
the Tiber was froze over in his time. If some events had 
not fell out unexpectedly I should have been present. 

The house was shook by the violence of the storm. He 
had read and wrote that much on the subject. They who 
have bore a part in the labor shall share the reward. 
"When the rules have been wantonly broke, there can be no 
plea for favor. lie would not have went if he had known 
it. You who have forsook your friends are entitled to no 
confidence. 

* The pupil will correct the following sentences to figure 8 by 
the instructions under figures 1 and 2 in the " Key," which it is 
supposed he has already committed ; and he will tell and prove 
what he has done, in the manner expressed in the " Key" for the 
preceding seven sentences. 



o a 

b. 



e. 

f 
4 a 
I. 
c. 



Albany lays south of Quebec. 
The packet laid at the wharf last week. 
Julia has lain her work aside. 
The brig was seen laying at anchor. 
Lie your book on the table. 
I shall lay awake all night thinking of it. 

They set up very late at Judge Brown's. 
V/J^) sot in your pew last evening? 

court will continue setting through the week. 



d. The moon sits late this evening. 

e. The Dorking hens are good layers and good setters. 
f. The room is furnished with chairs and settees. 

g. Blemishes in female characters seldom are effaced, — 
Xot so with man. lie tarnishes his name and brightens it 
again. But if woman chance to swerve from the strictest 
rules of virtue, 

Ruin ensues, reproach and endless shame, 
And one false step forever blasts her fame. 
In vain with tears the loss she may deplore, 
In vain look back to what she was before, 
She sits, like stars that fall, to rise no more. 

5. I will close the shettcrg of the setting-room, if Jane 
will shot the windows of the parlor. 

6. You and he are pardners. 

7- Cranberries are three shillings a peck. 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



13 



8. Shall I look at that laloc silk. 

9. George, blow out the candle. 

10. He show^rae his garden. 

11. Holler for the boatman that we may go on board. 

12. Honey collected from certain flowers is poison when 
it is new. 

13. It is very good shaving. 

11. There is a good shay road all the way. 

15. I had rather go than stay. 

io. I had as lives have the one as the other. 

17. The rabbit both parts the hoof and chaws the cud. 

18. She hadn't ought to go. 

19 a. Have you got Addison's Spectator? 

20. They went past us at five o'clock. 

21. He seldom ever visits the theatre. 
£22. We most always find them employed. 
23. I don't begrutch the money I paid fur it. 
2-1. The teethache is a painful disease. 

2-3. They are otherways employed, 

20. He is an obstropolous fellow. 

27. I will send you the balance of the bill. 

28. He was necessiatecVto do it. 

29. Number first denotes the long sound qf the vowels. 

30. He is some better than he was. 

31. He was very poorly when I saw him. 

32. lie prefers parsnips to any other sauce. 

33. He is a very spry boy. 

34. She is nicely, I thank you. 

35. What is the heft of them? 

36. Harriet, was you to meeting last evening] 

.37. He glories in that which should cause his shame. 
38 a. The latest accounts from Spain are unfavorable. 

39. You must waste no more of it than you can help. 

40. Will you fix these things, for me? 

41. It would illy accord with his profession. 

42. He is a decent scholar, teacher, &p. 

43. Thorn was raised in Maryland. 

44. That is a rugged child. 

45. He once in a while becomes lowspirited. 
45. Will you loan me a few dollars I 

47. He shows much temper. 

48. His argument was based on this fact. 

49. When did you come in. town? 

50. In its primary sense. 

51. I saw him some ten days ago. 

52. Direct your letters to me, Boston, No. 7 Court 
street. 

53. If I am not mistaken. 

54. I shall notice a few particulars. 

55. A fine summer's day. 



5G. She is an oldish lady. 

57. Take a drink. 5.8. " Close the door. 

59. He notifies the public that he shall perform on 
Wednesday evening. 

GO. It is a lengthy discourse. 

61. James is equally as good a scholar, but he ha? not 
so great a genius. 

02. What do New England folks say about a war with 
France ? 

63. What is the price of them gloves? 

04. The verb to kidnap, on assuming another syllable, 
always doubles the p. 

65. Young man, I think I've seen you somewhere. 

00 a. A fashionable maiden may be elegantly compared 
to a rose, from which every lover plucks a petal, leaving 
nothing- for her husband but a thorn. 

G7. He was desirous to ingratiate into the favor of on© 
so influential. 

68. She pleeted the linen elegant. 

69 a. There is danger in a crowxl pf a person's loosing 
his money by pick-pockets. 

70. All pirates should be hung. 

71. Hugh hanged his cap on a peg, 

72. Julia wrought an elegant veil. 

73. Already has steam navigation worked a mighty 
change. 

74. The masons wrought hard yesterday. 

75. The rocks of Virginia have been profitably wrought. 
70. t rejoice with my fellow countrymen on this happy 

occasion. 

77. This gentleman being a fellow boarder with me, X 
introduce him to you. 

78. Speak loud and not whisper. 

79. Jane, be careful not to wake up the baby. 

80 a. The boys have fell the old willow, and I hope $hey 
will soon fall the dirty poplars. 

81 a. It makes a noise like a pair of old bellows. 

b. Every gold digger in Australia keeps a get of scales. 

c. He went over a pair of bars, up a pair of stairs, and 
found a pair of shirts. 

82. Why are not the brains" of an os as well fitted for 
reasoning as the brains of an elephant ? 

83. They have all the same Sir names. 
84 a. I gave it to him to keep as his own. 
85. He sailed in the Ship lady Washington. 

He resides at North salem. 

Jane, I hope you will keep mistress of those ba$ 



86. 

87. 

bo VS. 

88. 



The river has overflown its banks. 



89 a. A surveyor laid out fifty towns in a wilderness. 



14 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



90 b. That township has been incorporated ten years. 

91. An ounce of preventive is worth a pound of cure. 

92. The ground is of a clayey loom, and the spring 
rains had rendered the roads almost unimpassable. 

93 a. Adjectives of more than one syllable are generally 
compared by affixing more and most to them. 

b. The possessive case is generally formed by adding '5 
to the noun. 

94 a. James, have you ever been to Niagara Falls? 
102 a. Gentlemen, your address, with which I have 

been honored, has made a most sensible impression upon 
me. 

b. Gentlemen, I had the honor in part to represent the 
Democracy of Maine in the late convention at Cincinnati. 

103. The number of scholars in attendance the hist 
term is scvor.ty-eight. 

103. That number which expressed the hosts that went 
forth under Xovses, was an odd number. 

105. Please, mother, cut the pie into four quarters and 
give me the biggest piece. 

100. Always to dine on roast turkeys would make one 
sick. 

107. Have you Marseilles vesting, buff color? 

108. He wore a coat of drab colored cloth. 

109. The meeting will be held in the lead colored 
school-house. 

110. A lady having lost her husband, the next day her 
confessor came to see her. 

111. That process is very injurious to the healthfulness 
of food. 

112 a. Chalk and wax will not adhere. 

b. But wax will cohere to paper or wool. 

c. Brass and silver will equally adhere. 

113. Let him that is on the barren mountain come 
down into the fertile valley. 

114. The authoress of those letters was a lady of supe- 
rior ability. 

115. The mathematics is a hard study. 
110. What sort of an animal is that \ 

1 17. Charles, what kind of a verb is it l 

113 a. The cause of the conversion of the man, whom 
Lorenzo Dow found swearing, was a happy accident. 

b. The discovery of the effect of that mixture on stains 
in cloth, was incidental. 

c. The chimney's falling down, which caused an occu- 
pant of the house to have fits, was a serious incident. 

d. The cause which operated in the conversion of the 
man whom Lorenzo Dow found swearing, was accidental. 

120. lie has often been to me about the matter, and I 
have as often been to him to settle it. 



121. Mr. Jarvis, I will take a couple of sheets of your 
letter paper. 

122. Fruit is plenty this season. 

123 a. The climate is very healthy. 

b. Walking is a wholesome esercise. 

c. A due mixture of vegetables is more healthful than 
all farinaceous and animal food. 

d. The children appeared well clad, and in a healthy 
condition. 

e. Jane appears more healthful than when I saw her 
last. 

124 a. They flung the accused into the water, and if 
they sunk and drowned, they were accounted innocent, but 
if they swam and saved themselves, they were hung for 
witches. 

125. Miss T. might have been a poetess without the 
peculiar inspiration of the muses. 

120. I do not know as I can assist you. 

127. The unhealthiuess of the climate prevents the 
country from settlement. 

128 a. Their temperate society numbers two hundred 
members. 

b. They have a reading room and a social library. 

c. They are at the head of most every charitable insti- 
tution of the day. 

129. The brig has laid in the harbor to no purpose 
during the last month. 

130. An equal number of good cows eat no more than 
the same number of bad ones. 

131. I think that a healthful intellect, like a healthful 
stomach, will find wholesome food pleasant as it is nu- 
tritious. 

132 a. I expect you can perform very well. 

b. I suspect you will learn very fast. 

c. I expect it was Judas who broke the windows. 

d. I guess that boy has had a bad education. 

e. I think you will find something worth picking up in 
your walk to the village. 

133 a. Rev. Mr. Mason will change with the village 
minister next Sabbath. 

b. I trust that Eliza has exchanged her condition for 
the better. 

c. William has changed his old hat for a new one. 

d. Mr. Coachman, where do change horses next ? 

e. Will you exchange a fifty-dollar bank note for me? 

134 a. lie wrote over the signature of Junius. 

135. My grandfather, grandmother, and father were 
Scotchmen. 

130. He presented him with a gold medal. 
137. Whom did she marry with? 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



15 



138. Cotton wool is plentiful in Alabama. 

139. We are not wanting in charity more than the rest 
of our neighbors. 

140. The School Mistress Association is dissolved. 

141. The authoress of those letters was a lady of supe- 
rior ability. 

142 a. Either of those three gentlemen is willing to 
assist you. 

143. Mrs. Ames, how beautifully your peas grow. 

144. The inhabitants near the great lakes of North 
America are subject to fever and ague. 

145. Monday was the warmest day I ever saw. 

146. Young man, I think I've seen you somewhere. 

147. That remark is founded in truth. 
148 a. They will be sold at public auction. 

149. Is the Doctor within 1 

150. My fellow students, let us strive for the prize. 

151. John played on the flute, and James on the violin. 

152. At a festal party the question was asked, what 
season of life was the most happy. 

153. The reason that he did not appear is because he 
was detained away by company. 

154. New beginners in a dry study need encouragement. 

155. A young lady married a widower having several 
children, and thus became mother-in-law to three girls. 

15G a. Her quivering limbs and wet cheek told me why 
she uttered not a word. 

157. What sort of an animal is that? 

158. The grammar books now in our country are ver}' 
numerous. 

159. The firing of the Paixhan gun broke thirty-one 
panes of glass from one window of the meeting-house. 

160. The air was so suffocating that Susan fainted 
away. 

162. It is entirely unbeknown to me what became of 
that forty weight of sago which was bought at auction last 
month. 

163. That silk would make a splendid neckhandker- 
chief. 



164. Why do red foxes take more poultry than black 
ones'? Because there are more of them. 

165. Said a lawyer to a client at his office, " What did 
your debtor say when you presented him your demand for 
payment?" 0. He told me to go to Old Nick. L. And 
what did you then do ? C. Why, sir, I came to you. 

Note. Tautology, or the repetition of a thought or 
word already fully expressed, is improper. The words in 
italic in the following sentences, are to be omitted because 
they are superfluous.* 

The latter end of that man shall be peace. Whenever I 
try to improve, I always find I can do it. You must return 
back immediately. First of all I shall say my lesson. 
Raise up your book. He mentioned it over again. Do you 
buy to sell again ? I shall go down east in June.- We 
were mutually friendly to each other. He repeated it 
again. It should ever be your constant study to do good. 

166 a. We can learn children orthography very young. 

167. I do not doubt but that the canal will pay for 
itself in ten years. 

168. The' Misses Wilsons inform the ladies in Portland 
that they will commence their spring term, on the first 
monday in May. 

169. When a clause occurs, tell what kind of a clause 
it is. 

170. The storm raged with such violence, that none of 
the passengers hoped the vessel would outlive the gale. 

171. The father had expected that his son would occupy 
that distinguished rank in his profession as himself. 

172. The scholars of America must feel that they have 
a new duty to perform — that of creating and keeping 
alive, a sound, healthful public opinion upon all subjects 
of morality, religion, philosophy or politics. Then indeed 
shall that mighty current of Public Opinion be no longer 
in danger of becoming a destroying flood. 

173. But it shall be a stream, peaceful, healthy, pro- 

„..„.. -.:-„ „^ ^„ t ;i: 7 ; po . 



The pupil will read the sentence first as it is, and then repeat it as it should be, telling what he has done and why. 



1# APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GBAMMAIL 

ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES, AND RELATION OE PREPOSITIONS 



SENTENCES. A sentence is an assemblage of words 
Shaking complete sense ; as, John is happy. Sentences (or 
propositions, as .they are sometimes called) are either sim- 
ple or compound. A simple sentence or proposition con- 
tains but one nominative or subject, and one verb that is 
not in the infinitive mood ; as, Life is short ; He desires to 
learn. Though the last sentence has two verbs, yet one of 
them being in the infinitive mood, it is a simple sentence. 
A compound sentence contains two or more simple sen- 
tences,* joined by one or more connective words; as, If we 
desire useful employment, we can easily find it. Time is 
Short, but eternity is long. 

The clauses of a compound sentence are either independ- 
ent or dependent. An independent clause is one that makes 
sense by itself. A dependent clause is one that makes com- 
plete sense only in connection with another clause ; thus, 
We left when the sun set. We left is an independent 
clause; it makes sense of itself. When the sun set is a 
dependent clause ; it does not make complete sense unless 
joined with the other clause. The independent clause, (or 
leading clause, which it might be called when there is but 
one independent clause,) sometimes stands last ; as, When 
the sky falls we shall catch larks. We shall catch lath is 
the independent clause. AH the clauses of a sentence may 
be independent ; one of them must be independent : John 
went to the wedding ; James staid at home. Both of these 
clauses are independent. 

In a compound sentence a nominative or a verb is often 
understood; as, He studies and plays; Paris is not so 
Jarge as London. In the former sentence he is understood 
before plays ; in the latter, is is understood after London. 

There are two distinct points in a simple sentence, viz., 
the subject and the predicate. The subject is that of which 
fiojnething is affirmed. The predicate is that which is 
affirmed of the subject ; thus, A wise man governs his 
passions; Sugar is sweet. Tn the former sentence, wise 
man is that which is talked of, governs his passions is what 
is affirmed of him. In the latter sentence, svgnr is the 
subject, and is siccel is what is affirmed of it. A complete 
affirmation is seldom made with the verb be without one or 
more words with it. 

The principal words in a simple sentence are the nomi- 
native case, the verb, and the object of the verb, if it has 



* Generally called clause?, when spoken of in a compound 
•sentence. 



one. With these may be classed the case after the verb 
and the infinitive mood. In addition to this, most sen- 
tences have appendages or words that qualify those prin- 
cipal parts. A certain class of those accompanying words 
is properly called adjunct. This term is also sometimes 
applied to a part of a compound word ; but that which 
more strictly claims this name, is composed of a preposi- 
tion and its object, and may include an article and one or 
more adjectives. Several words spoken of together and not 
making a complete sentence, is called a phrase ; as, The 
rest of the company having arrived, we went to dinner ; My 
dear friend, lam glad to see you ; A hundred years hence, 
and these things will have passed away. A phrase is dif- 
ferent from an adjunct, or it includes an adjunct and some- 
thing more. 

The dependent clause is often a qualifying or explaining 
one of some principal part of the leading or independent 
clause; as, The man who tames lions will bo here next 
w T eek. The man tvill be here next week, is the leading sen- 
tence, and icho tames lions is the dependent clause, describ- 
ing the man. It might also fitly be called an adjective 
sentence, as the man ivho lames lions is nearly the same in 
meaning as the lion tamer, or the lion taming man; thus, 
The lion taming man will be, &c. litre makes a part of tho 
predicate, and on next week shows when the affirmation will 
be fulfilled. 

Connectives. There are four kinds of connectives, viz., 

conjunctions, which commonly connect sentences, para- 

j graphs, &c, but sometimes single words; prepositions, 

which connect words only: relative pronouns and certain 

adverbs, each of which connects oftlv - sentences. 

J)ikections Foil Analyzing a sentence. First tell wheth- 
er it is a simple, or a compound sentence; if compound, 
how many clauses or simple sentences it embraces^ — what 
each is connected by. Then tell which is the leading or 
independent clause. If the dependent one is an explaining 
or adjective clause, tell what it qualifies. Then analyze 
each simple sentence. First tell its principal parts ; then 
its adjuncts and what each belongs to or qualifies, which is 
in substance, telling the relation of the prepositions, for 
the relation of the preposition is between the word which 
the adjunct belongs to and its object. Sometimes the ad- 
junct qualifies or belongs to the subject, sometime* to the 
verb, sometimes to the object of the verb, sometimes to the 
verb taken with its object, sometimes to a verb and its 
adverb taken together, sometimes to the case after a verb, 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



IT 



Or to a lionn used to further explain a preceding noun, 
sometimes to a participle, and sometimes to a part of 
another adjunct, in such a case both taken together form 
a compound adjunct. Sometimes it qualifies an adjective, 
and sometimes, though seldom, an adverb. 

RELATION OF PREPOSITIONS. Prepositions may be 
likened to pins in mechanic work; they hold the parts 
together. If we extend this sort of figure of similarity, 
we may compare the words which the prepositions connect 
and show relation between, to numbers or marks on the 
mechanic machine or furniture, showing which parts go 
together. In the sentence, A, " The antecedent in gram- 
mar is the noun to which the relative refers," to shows 
relation between ivhich and refers.- To compare those words 
with parts in furniture or a machine, which are numbered 
to go together, we will suppose which and refers marked a; 
which being brought together, the sentence stands thus : 
the relative refers to which. But our comparison is not a 
perfect one throughout, and we shall pursue it no further 
than it answers our purpose. When a machine is finished, 
the parts marked alike are joined together ; but in language 
it is often the case that that order of the sentence which 
gives it euphony and perfect strength, requires the words 
that have the closest relation to each other, to be isolated, 
and sometimes by many words. But to use our comparison 
a^ain : We have seen some instrument having one main 
part and four or five other lesser parts belonging to it; each 
of the lesser parts joined to it in the same place, conse- 
quently only one of them could be joined with it at a time. 
Suppose the main part marked b ; w T e mark all the others 
the same, showing that they all equally belong to it, and 
that each can be joined to it at the same place. So in 
language, there are often two or more adjuncts to the same 
principal word in a sentence, and the prepositions ail show- 
ing relation between that word and their several objects. 
Example : B. "A man went to Springfield, with his brother, 
by railroad, in ten hours."* Tiiere are four adjuncts in 
this sentence, all belonging to icent. Suppose went marked 
b, and the adjuncts the same ; we can place each adjunct 

b 6 < 

next to went and make the sense ; thus, He went to Spring- 

b b b b 

field, he went with his brother, he went by railroad, he 

b b 

went in ten hours. B shows which parts belong together, 
and the prepositions join or fasten them together. 



* From Bullions's Grammar. If any thing in this work is taken from some 
other, even an example, unless it has been made the common stock of gram- 
mars generally, the Author vrould give credit for it. 
2# 



We have compared prepositions to pins in mechanic 
work; let us now regard their definition: Prepositions 
serve to connect words with one another, and to show the 
relation between them. To show such a further view of 
the relation of prepositions, as it appears to the Author 
must greatly tend to make a uniformity of practice, in this 
hitherto discordant subject, let us consider it of two kinds, 
grammatical and physical— relation between words, and 
relation between things. In most cases the grammatical 
and physical relation may be considered the same. But in 
case of the verb be, or any other verb having the same or 
nearly similar meaning to that, the reckoning of two kinds 
of relation helps to prevent various discordant opinions on 
this point. Example : C. That man is in health. As in 
health is a qualifier of man, meaning that he is healthy, in 
shows a physical relation between man and health. But 
according to our physical comparison of prepositions, and 
also agreeable to the definition, it shows a grammatical 
relation between is and health, for so the parts come to- 
gether, and so the preposition connects the words. The 
words cannot be placed together thus, That man in health 
is, for the meaning deduced from that order of the words, 
would be, That healthy man is, — namely, exists. 

To apply the word what, in a question, to the adjunct, is 
a simple means by which will generally be disclosed in the 
answer, the word qualified by it ; thus, in example B, 
What, to Springfield? Answer ; went to Springfield. What, 
with his brother ? Ans.; ivcnt with his brother. What, by 
railroad? Ans.; went by railroad. What, in ten hours? 
Ans ; ivent in ten hours. In example or sentence A, What, 
in grammar ? Ans. ; antecedent in grammar. What, to 



which 



refers to which. In example C, What, in 



heal th ? An s . ; man in health. 

In the following sentence the two adjuncts seem, in a 
certain sense, to apply to the same word, but it is not so, 
the second adjunct is a qualifier of a part of the first : 
D. Even so a gentle pair, in some lone cot amid the distant 
wood ; &c. It would not be superfluous to supply dwelling 
or situated after cot, and consider in showing relation be- 
tween cut and the participle, or without supplying, between 
cot and pair. But amid the distant wood s is an adjunct to 
cot, showing where the cot is. Sometimes where several 
adjuncts qualify the same word, they do not qualify it in- 
dependent of any other adjunct ; as in example B, the last 
three adjuncts do not qualify went independent of that's 
being qualified by to Springfield; for we cannot say he went 
with his brother, and went by railroad, and went in ten 
hours, independent of where he went. In example B, the 
first adjunct is entirely independent, and the last three are 
independent of all only the first ; but in the following 



u 



APPENDIX iff ilNGLlStf GRAMMAS 



sentence the adjuncts are dependent on one oi* more others : 
Mr. Baker will lend money to his townsmen, daring the 
hard times* for 5 per cent. Here the first adjunct is a iittie 
dependent on.the second * the second adjunct depends on the 
first, and the third depends on both of the forme?. He will 
not lend money for 5 per cent, without regard to the. cir- 
cumstances in lending it. Still the first three prepositions 
connect and show relation between their objects and 
money; 

We may say of the lady's wonderfully wrought hand- 
kerchief, exhibited at the worlds fair in London, E, "She 
Wrought the handkerchief ivith a needle, in her apartment, 
by daylight, in thirty years." In this sentence all the 
adjuncts are independent of one another^ and qualify 
wrought the handkerchief, and. the prepositions connect their 
objects with handkerchief, and show a grammatical relation 
between the same. Who takes care of Helen? F. She 
lives with bet mother in Washington. As the language is 
used : , the last adjunct in this sentence belongs to mother, 
but if we supply who lives after mother, in will show a 
grammatical relation between lives and Washington. But 
in the sentence answering the question, Whore is John? 
G. " lie is in Boston witli his uncle*" each adjunct belongs 
to the same word independent of each other ; thus, John is 
in Boston, and John is, with his uncle. "The prepositions 
Show a. grammatical relation between is and their objects. 
Then We find that, according to our comparison of prepo- 
sitions with physical things, and also agreeable to the 
definition, they show relation between. the words that come 
together closest in giving the sense. Further instructions 
for ascertaining this : 

When the verb be is the finite verb of a simple sentence, 
we should consider the order in Which the words stand in 
making the most direct affirmation, or an independent 
assertion, according to the sense intended ; thus, 77, lie is 
a friend to you is the direct order of the sentence, not, \Jo, 
is to you a friend. " He is a friend " is an independent 
assertion, making complete sense of itself, "lie is to 
you" does not make any complete sense intended; but 10 
you annexed to the independent assertion, adds to the sense 
already given. Thus we see t\vn.t friend and you arc the 
words that come closest together in sense, and which the 
preposition connects and shows relation between. If 
friendly were in place of friend ', to would show relation 
between friend In and you. 

The same particulars are fo.be regarded of a simple sen- 
tence when the verb is transitive ; thus, John made a jeAvel 
box for Mary. I. "John made a jewel-box" is an inde- 
pendent assertion. But "John made for Mary" makes, no 
isenae here intended. Therefore for belongs between box 



and Mary, connecting and showing relation between hx : 
same, In case of a transitive verb, the preposition nearly 
always, if not quite, connects its object with that of tho 
verb, and shows relation between the same; as, J, I saw; 
by the way-side, an oak. By shows relation between way* 
side and oak ; — an oak by the way-side. So in the sentence,- 
if, lie wrote it with a pen, agreeable to the definition of 
prepositions and a comparison which we previously made 
of them, lOith connects and shows relation between pen and 
it ; vet in a physical view, With a pen is a qualifier of wrote 
and its object together; 

Further examples. Li There is a letter rn the post-office 
for you. M. He espied, at the royal observatory, a new 1 
star. N. Herschel espied on the 18th of Nov. of the year 
1806, at the north of Marion, and far beyond the orbit of 
Saturn, a new star. In sentence Z, both of the adjuncts, 
in the post-office and for you, belong to letter.; thus, A let- 
ter for you is in the post-office. For shows relation between 
letter and you, and in shows relation between letter and 
post-office, and a grammatical relation between is and post* 
office, But arranged thus; a letter in the post'office is lor 
you, the grammatical relation would be between is and 
you, and shown by for. 

In sentence M, "he espied a new star" is an independent- 
assertion, and agreeable to the intended sense, but as it 
does not mean star at the royal observator} 7 , but he at tlM 
observatory, at shows relation between he and observatory. 

Herschtl espied and all the adjuncts taken with it, does not 
make complete sense, but Herschel espied a new star doer. 
As the star is at the north of Marion and beyond the orbit 
of Saturn, these are compound adjuncts of star. And the 
doubly compound adjunct, on the 18th of Nov., &c, belong^ 
to star in connection with espied. Therefore at and beyond 
show relation between star and their objects. The imme- 
diate or grammatical relation of on is between the adjective 
noun 18/7? and star. Of Nov. is an adjunct to 18/7?, and of 
the year 1806 is ah adjunct of Nov. 

Sentence for.anat.vzi^g. "How vainly through infinite 
trouble and strife, The many their labors employ! Since 
all that is truly delightful in life, Is What all, if they please} 
may enjoy." The analyzing of it, in part: This is a com- 
pound 'sentence, embracing live clauses, viz., The many 
employ their labors through infinite trouble and strife, how 
vainly, is the first; "all is that," composed of all in the 
third-line, and is and the antecedent part of what in the 4th 
line, is the 2d clause ; " that is truly delightful in life," is 
the 3d; "all may enjoy which," is the 4th; " if they 
please," is the 5th, The second clause is connected with 
the first by since. Or since, meaning here the same as as^ 
maybe fiaid to connect all the following part of the com 



A;?r£Ni)il t.N ENGLISH QfiAlffttAfti 



19 



politid SOnteue^j With the clause preceding it. This sen- 
tence has two adjective or explaining clauses; One of 
fcheni — "that is truly delightful in lire," is connected 
"With it by the relative thai, and explains the nominative 
to the verb of the 2d sentence ; the other— "all may enjoy 
which," is connected, with the 2d by which the relative part 
of what, and explains the nominative after is of the 2d 
sentence. The last sentence--" if they please," is con- 
nected with the 4th by if. Through shows relation between 
labors and trouble and strife. How vainly does not apply 
to the act till it is qualified by its object labors and the 
adjunct through infinite trouble, &c. " The many employ 
their labors how vainly," 8oes not make an independent 
assertion according to the intended sense ; but the many 
employ their labors through infinite trouble and strife, is 
independent and gives sense that is meant, and how vainly 
adds to that sense. 

To illustrate a use of words again by a physical com- 
parison, imagine a watch lying on a table before you, with 
its chain extended to your right and left, and a link exactly 
in the middle of it, unlike the others ; that centre link 
may truly be said to connect all the chain at the right of it 
with all at the left, as two grand parts, It also connects 
the link next at the right of it with the one next at the 
left. It also may be said to connect any portion on the 
one side of it, with the same portion 5 or with a lesser por- 
tion, on the other side. So in language, a connective may 
sometimes be said to connect several clauses as a whole 
with several other clauses as a whole, or with a single 
clause; 

SENTENCES FOH ANALYZING,* 

1. Keen said that among all the grammars he knew of, 
there was not one suitable for a text-book in schools. 

2. "Tis education forms the common mind, 
Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined. 

3. To sensual persons hardly any thing is what it ap- 
pears to be. 

4. In some places the sea encroaches upon the land ; in 
other places, the land, upon the sea. 

5. Virtue is placed between two extremes, which arc on 
both sides equally blamable. 

6. Here tired dissimulation drops her mask, 
Through life's grimace that mistress of the scene. 

* The most interesting point in analyzing is the relation of prep- 
ositions or the disposing of the adjuncts. This in many instances, 
requires niee discrimination. 

U3F 1 Let the pupil as he comes to it, transfer each sentence to a 
piece of paper, and try to analyze it himself, before he looks at the 
work in the book. 



7. About her cabin door the wide old woods resounded 
j with her song and fairy laughter all the summer day. 

The Analyzing, ojf the foregoing sentences,. The first is* 
| a compound sentence, embracing three clauses, two de- 
pendent ones. There was not one, &c, is connected by 
that with Keen said, the independent and leading clause ; he 
knew of (which might be called a relative, explaining, or 
adjective sentence, defining grammars.) is connected with 
the last by which understood, "Among all the grammars" 
is an adjunct or qualifier of one, among therefore showing 
relation between one and grammars. Of shows relation 
between knew and which$ of which being an adjunct to knew* 
Fur a tefiit-hooh is an adjunct or qualifier of suitable, for, in 
course, showing relation between suitable and text-book, lii 
schools is an adjunct to text-book. 

2. The second sentence embraces four clauses. The first 
two are connected by which; the second two are connected 
together by just as,- the connective acting also as an ad- 
verb, qualifying the verbs in the clauses which it connects. 
The second line giving in detail a result of the meaning 
embodied in the first, is connected with it only in sense. 
"It* is education" is the leading clause of the first two j 
" which* forms the common mind," a relative and depend 3 
ent clause, explains a part f of the first. "Tree is* in* 
clined"! is the leading clause of the second two ; the last 
is a dependent clause on the preceding one, (As there are 
no adjuncts in this sentence, the pupil need to do nothing 



* V, hether in analyzing, or parsing, the pupil will supply all 
| the words that are understood. 

f This is a more interesting sentence than many are aware of? 
it admits of unlocked for criticism. Which understood does net 
refer to education,, but to it the first word of the line, and it is 
used instead of thai influence or thai thing. Supply that far 
which it is a substitute, and which immediately after it, and the 
truth of the position just taken will be made evident; thus', That 
influence (or thing) which forms the common mindj is education. 
We are not explaining edueatiorij $>r that is well known; but we 
are telling what that thing, which forms the common mind, is 5 
namely, it is education. Ihat the relative does not refer to edu- 
cation, will appear clear also by transposing the sentence; thus. 
Education is that thing which forms the common mind. 

$ Is inclined is an intransitive verb in the passive form, given 
thus to rhyme with mind. The meaning is, to employ the figure, 
"As we bend the twig, so grows the future tree"; or, "As the 
twig is bent j the tree inclines," 

We have shown that this brief sentence abounds with interest as 
an exercise for parsing; but how weighty and important is tha 
truth which it proclaims! "What a text of warning to parents, and 
teachers 1 , and to all who have any part in educating the young. 



20 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



snore than now go through with the common method of] 
parsing it.) < 

3. This is a compound sentence of two clauses, con- ; 
nected by which the relative part of ivhal. It contains one ! 
adjunct, to sensual persons. The words arranged according 
to their closest relation with one another, so as to make an j 
independent assertion, giving sense intended here, it will i 
stand thus : Hardly any thing is that. " Hardly any thing j 
is to sensual persons," makes no sense intended here, nor j 
any other sense that we know of. The adjunct belongs to j 
the first clause ; but as it means " Hardly any thing is that j 
to sensual persons,'' to shows relation between that the 
antecedent part of what, and its object persons. The same 
adjunct in substance seems to be implied to the last clause, 
namely, which it appears to be to them. The parts being 
arranged as the preposition connects, the clause stands 
thus: It appears to be which to them. (We might further 
say of the first clause : Thing the subject, is the verb, and 
that the case after, are the principal parts of it. Of the 
second clause, it the subject, is a finite verb, to be in the 
infinitive mood, and which the case after, are the principal 
parts. But these last particulars need not be named only 
when a sentence is to be left without parsing ) 

4. This is a compound sentence, containing two clauses; 
"in some places, the sea encroaches upon the land," is one; 
"in other places, the land encroaches upon the sea," is 
the other. They are connected only in sense, the words 
other places having a reference to some places. It means 
"the sea in some places," i. e., that certain parts of the 
B3a encroach upon the land. Sea here without any quali- 
fication, would mean the whole sea in contradistinction to 
the land. Therefore to say that the whole sea encroaches 
in certain places upon the land, would be absurd. By the 
same reasoning we show that in others is an adjunct to 
land, the meaning being that the land in other places, i. e., 
that certain points of the land encroach upon the sea. The 
first in therefore shows relation between sea. and places, and 
the second in shows relation between land and places. 

5. This is a compound sentence of two clauses. "Vir- 
tue is placed between two extremes" is the leading one, 
and "which are on both sides equally blamable" is a rela- 
tive clause and may be said to qualify or explain extremes. 
They are connected by which. There is an adjunct in each 
clause. Between two extremes is an adjunct to is placed; on 
both sides is an adjunct to which — whieh on both sides are 
&c. It means the same as to say, either of which, or each 
extreme, is equally blamable. In course between shows re- 
lation between is placed and extremes, and on between which 
and sides. 

6. This is a simple sentence, containing two adjuncts, 



n miely, of the scene, and through life's grimace. To render 
tl e connection plainer, view 1 1 ■- o sentence arranged thus : 
Here tired dissimulation, that mistress of the scene through 
life's grimace, drops her mask. Each adjunct qualities 
mistress, which is the same as saying that it belongs to 
mistress. To make this plainer, view the connection thus : 
"that mistress of the scene," "that mistress through life's 
grimace.'' Or, to see the qualifying effect of these adjuncts 
on the noun, view the sentence transformed into something 
like the following : " Here tired dissimulation, that varied 
life-long scene mistress, drops her mask." Each preposi- 
tion therefore shows relation Ibtween mistress and its object. 
7. It is a simple sentence, having three adjuncts, name- 
ly, "about her cabin door," "with her song and laughter," 
"during all the summer day." The first is an adjunct to 
song and laughter, — the meaning being, The wide old woods 
resounded during all the summer day with her song and 
fairy laughter about her cabin door. Or, present the 
meaning thus — with her song and laughter whieh she made 
about her cabin door, or which was* about her cabin door. 
With the former view about shows relation between which 
and door; with the latter view, it shows a grammatical 
relation between was and a physical relation between which, 
and door. But this supplying is not necessary; it only 
serves to show that the words which are closest connected 
in sense, which about connects and shows relation between, 
are song and laughter, and door its object. The same 
meaning is rendered plain in the following still different 
view : — Resounded during all the summer day with her 
cabin-door song and fairy laughter. The other adjuncts 
belong to resounded. 



* Among the various views that have been expressed with regard 
to the relation of prepositions, the Author is informed that some 
teachers take the ground that all prepositions, with the exception 
of of, show relation between a verb and a noun or its substitute. 
If no verb is expressed they would supply one, as in the case of 
was in the example referred to by the star. Example— they would 
read, The antecedent which is in grammar, &c; and in other 
instances they would supply a verb, either in this way or some 
other. Although in this instance the sense is not destroyed, yet 
the expression is much weakened. How insipid would be the lan- 
guage to supply a relative pronoun and a verb in the following 
sentences, in which now the prepositions show the closest relation 
possible: He is a relation to me; That is a learning to you; Paul's 
letter to Timothy. The last does not mean Paul's letter which is 
to go (or to be sent) to Timothy, for T. has already received it. 
But it would make no difference if he had not received it, for that 
is not the meaning of the expression. Nor is wh ich is addressed 
understood after letter, because it might be addressed to T., an'' 
not be a letter to Timothy in the sense here meant. 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



21 



Although the application of the first adjunct as just 
given, after a sufficient examination, admits of a clear and 
certain decision, jet as most persons would misapply it at 
first view, and with so much confidence of being right that 
they would not examine it further, the Author shall dwell 
somewhat on this example. 

It cannot be an adjunct to woods, for it is an absurd con- 
tradiction of one fact with another, to say that the wide old 
woods (which must mean quite an extent of forest) was 
about her cabin door, or even around her Indian hut. This 
last expression would have suited the measure equally as 
well, and if it had been intended to express the location of 
the woods, would have been less a perversion of the lan- 
guage from the sense. Besides this, woods needs no adjunct 
or explaining term. It is the woods which resound with 
her sonc and laughter which we have to do with — and it is 
implied, where that is, namely, within reach of her voice. 
But it is asked, why it is not an adjunct to resounded. One 
meaning of resound is to sound back, to return the sound. 
True, but this does not allow us to say that it resounded 
about her cabin door. If the resounding could be said to 
have had any thing to do with the cabin door, or even with 
the cabin, about, which usually means near by, surrounding, 
&c, should have been unto; thus, The woods resounded 
unto her cabin door. Suppose a cannon discharged on the 
steps of a public building, near a wood, Ave can say the 
wood resounded with the nuise for ten seconds ; but we 
cannot say, the wood (or woods) resounded about the build- 
ing, much less about the door of it. If it can be said to 
have any thing to do with the building, it resounds to (or 
unto) it. Further : If I make a noise close to the wall of 
a building which is right opposite to another, I can say it 
resounds to me and the building. But even in that case, 
supposing each building was a body of woods, we could 
not say that one of the woods resounded about the other 
woods," but to or unto the other woods. Resound in the 
lesson under consideration, merely means to ring, to sound 
again from woods to woods ; therefore resounded about her 
cabin door is entirely without sense. We can in truth say, 
that the woods resounded during all the summer day with 
her song and fairy laughter. And this is all that can be 
said of resounded. 

We have now shown that it is not only not required as 
an adjunct either to woods or resounded, but that by apply- 
ing it thus we should make nonsense or falsehood.. The 
question further arises, what then is it an adjunct to ? As 
we have not yet come to want of this adjunct, let us, for a 
moment, throw it out of the sentence ; thus, The wide old 
woods resounded with her song and fairy laughter all the 
summer day. The sense hero is finished with regard to 



woods and resounded. W© have just as much need here to 
say, the woods where she ivas, &c, as to apply about, &c, 
to icoods, if that adjunct was in the sentence. And the 
woods no more resound about her cabin door when the 
adjunct is expressed, than they do when it is not in the 
sentence. 

Bat there is one thing which is not told without that 
adjunct. x\n important item in the poet's meaning was to 
tell the location of the Indian maid when she sung so mer- 
rily ; whether she was fishing at the lake, roving the forest 
like the bright Alfarctta, or elsewhere. He would tell us 
that she was about her domestic duties, implying that she 
w\as a part of the time in the cabin, cooking, or manufac- 
turing Indian articles, some of the time out after water, 
fuel, etc.-, and occasionally in the .door way, singing and 
laughing in these several situations. 

Thus instead of having an adjunct in his sentence to be 
applied contrary to good sense and a proper use of the 
words, the poet has disposed of the language with a strict 
regard to its best import, and given us by that means, im- 
portant and comprehensive meaning. The strict meaning 
of this adjunct is, in the door way or near it, whether 
within the cabin or without it, showing her average loca- 
tion during the time of her music ; therefore it is an ad^- 



(gp The Author is of the opinion that it is not a good 
course to put scholars to analyzing till they can parse well, 
and can make a practical use of what they have learned. 

If a sentence is to be parsed, it need not be analyzed only 
as a compound sentence, i. e., telling the number of its 
clauses and naming them, which is the leading clause, and 
the relative clause if it has one, what each is connected by-, 
the number of adjuncts and what each is an adjunct to, is 
sufficient ; but if the sentence is not to be parsed, the pupil 
may occasionally name the nominative or subject, the verb, 
and the object, or case after the verb, if it has one. We 
lose almost all the interest of parsing a sentence, after 
having analyzed it. But parsing is the exercise which 
contributes to make grammar practically useful, not ana- 
lyzing. The pupil need analyze only in part, at first- 
Begin with telling whether it is a simple or a compound 
sentence, if compound, how many clauses or simple sen- 
tences it contains. For the next step in his progress, let 
him name the adjuncts and tell which sentence each belongs 
to, and to what word ; also the connectives of sentences, 
and-what each connects. Thus, in his next step he will 
finish analyzing. 



22 APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



SOME INSTRUCTIONS IN REGARD TO LETTER WRITING. 



A systematic and literary order of commencing, doing I 
up, and superscribing a letter, is nut only a credit to the 
Writer of it, but a neat and correct superscription is a 
pleasure to the receiver, and is of material importance to 
Postmasters. A failure in only some one point in the 
address of a letter, may be the cause of a serious loss to 
the party or parties concerned in it. 

The order of the lines in commencing a letter is thus : 

Sir,* ^ Newport, June lOfch, 1856. 

Your favor of the 3d inst. was duly received, &c. 
(The letter follows.) 

At the close of the letter and under it at the left, put 
the name of the person written to, and in line with that, 
at the right, the name of the writer, as nest below : 
Mr. John West. William Mason. 

In business affairs the name of the person or persons 
written to, is oftener placed at the top of the letter, in a 
line above Sir or what is instead of it, and inclining at the 
left. The proper name, standing thus, is not the case 
independent, by an address, any more t! an if it was at the 
bottom, hut a preposition is understood before it, and a 
period belongs after it. The address is made in the title 
just below. 

Immediately after Sir or what is used instead of it, put 
a comma. This is in accordance with the best literary 
usage in this country and in Great Britain, and any other 
pause here would be a violation of an unexceptionable rule 
of punctuation. 

As we hold the letter or envelop in superscribing it, the 
edge of the part which covers over the wafer or sealing 
quality, should be downwards. 

The title or titles should he in line with the name of the 
person, as in example II and others. Some persons may 
iind it difficult to 6 ih in a variety of cases between 

what shall be considered the title, and what the profession 
or employment. This needs to be settler! in order to know 



* Or Sirs, Madam, "Miss, Ladies, or whatever title or name may 
be required. If a stranger, we generally use the title only, as, 
Sir. In case of favorable acquaintance, we place dear before the 
title or name. In endearments of friendship or relation, we use 

■my dear before the other word: as, My dear sir; My dear friend; 
My dear sister, &c. 



when to use the title Mr. and when to omit it. Some of 
the names most difficult for deciding to which class they 
belong, are lawyer, doctor, teacher, preceptor, poet, singer. 
All these names are within the reach of the persons who 
wear them; they are obtained by the means they take for 
a livelihood ; they are not dependent on any other power 
for them, — they are therefore not titles. Singer shows that 
the person sings or is capable of singing ; teacher (or pre- 
ceptor which is the name of a person teaching in a certain 
sphere) implies that the person teaches or is qualified to 
teach ; doctor 1 implies that his employment is to visit the 
sick. So we can say of the rest. But Master of Arts, 
Reverend, Deacon, Captain, General, &c, are titles. They 
are conferred on persons by authorities for certain attain- 
ments, merits, or capabilities. These do not decide the 
employment of a person for a living ; he may be a farmer, 
blacksmith, teacher, or whatever. 

Senator, Mayor, Alderman, Postmaster, Sheriff, &c, are 
another class of names, whose disposition in a letter super- 
scription may seem still more difficult. They indeed show 
;be employment or duties of the person for the time being, 
ait they are unlike the usual names of employments and 
professions, for they are obtained only by a choosing or 
appointing power. Such names of offices of trust and 
)mokiment may he considered a kind of title, but such as 
ire not admitted in writing before the proper name of the 
person, but must come after it. 

Here we have occasion to remark that the title Esquire 
is far from being confined to persons who are commissioned 
Justices of the peace. It is a title much used. It is fit ly 
allowed the Postmaster the perquisites of whose office may 
not amount to thirty dollars a year, and the Committee or 
schools of the most obscure towns. These are offices of 
trust and importance, filled by the people or the appointing 



* The name Doctor may be considered in two senses. Viewed 

as being conferred by a medical body of men, as a reward for 

merit, it is a title, arid as such should be considered in an 

address connected with a written communication; as, Dr. James 

'.. But lawyer Norwood, preceptor Norwood, would be 

improper connections in a letter address, because those common 

are not conferred as titles. If given in a superscription, 

they should come after the person's name, like other names of 

'' ymenta and professions, and Mr. be use:], as in examples 

lift 



APPENDIX 127 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



23 



power, and should therefore be respected. Still it is not a 
low title. It is considered suitable for a variety of very 
honorable and high stations in our country. We properly 
write, 

Charles Pitkins, Esq., 

one of the Committee of Schools, 

Emden, 



(supposin< 
also, 



it containing only a thousand inhabitants) ; 



Edward Rand, Esq., 

Secretary of the Board of Education, 
Gorham , 

Me. 
George Knox, Esq., 

Postmaster, 

Kirkland, 

Me. ; 
also, Thomas Adams, Esq., 

Postmaster, 

Portland. 
The initials P. M. might be used in line with the person's 
name. In the same manner we address persons in any 
offices of trust of the grades and kind of those that have 
been noticed, in case there is no title to precede the per- 
son's name. 



this title on such as an honor, it would evidently have a 
good effect in society.* 

It is now the prevailing custom among the highest cir- 
cles of society in the United States and in England, for 
married ladies to take the given name of their husband ; 
bat not their husband's title, — as in example G, and part 
of example F. 

In addressing persons in office relative to some duty 
pertaining to it, it is proper, in many instances, to supply 
the preposition, which is generally to, as in example L ; 
though instances sometimes occur in which it is for, as in 
example M. A letter is properly said to be to a person 
when it is an embodiment of thoughts or ideas speaking 
to that person. But a letter may be to one person, and be 
addressed on the outside to another, and it sometimes is 
for a private purpose ; in such a case it cannot be called a 
letter to the person to whom it is addressed, but a letter 
for him — for his disposal. Or it may contain (if such 
may be called a letter) money, papers, &c, either for the 
person to whom it is superscribed, or for some one else, 
and only a word or two about disposing of the contents. 
In such a case it cannot be called a letter to a person, but 
it is something for him. Such is the supposition in ex- 



[f our letter is on friendship or some private matter, we * A few ? 8ars si t nce ' a J ite f r y .gentleman of some distinction, in 

the name of his a conYersatl on with the Author, m which some allusion was made 



most properly use only Esquire, unless tne name 

office may be required to distinguish him from some other 

individual of the name. 

The title Esquire is not degraded by its accommodating 
use. PerhapvS we cannot so fatly call it a golden title, but 
it certainly may be compared to silver, the plate of which 
is within reach of the man of a comfortable competence, 
and is also respectable on the side-boards of gentlemen of 
distinguished wealth and luxury. Though this title is 
"sometimes dishonored in our country by being conferred on 
persons wanting in merit and capacity, it still retains its 
starry brightness. It is like jewels, which, although they 
cannot transform ugliness into beauty, still retain their 
brilliancy. 

In England all gentlemen in independent circumstances 
are styled esquire. This, in England, implies not only 
property, but intelligence, refinement, and gentlemanly de- 
portment. 

This title is now applied by gentlemen regardful of 
merit and station, to persons in our own country, who act 
well their part in some prominent position in society. If 
it was a more general practice for persons who take the 
lead in society and whose approbation we prize, to bestow 



to the use of this title, related to him the following anecdote. 

He said that in his youth he was a clerk in a Book Store in 
Boston, and when about twenty years old he had occasion in his 
master's absence, to make a reply to a communication from Carey 
and Lee of Philadelphia, distinguished publishers of useful works 
in by gone days. It was concerning a paper or periodical called 
the Olive Branch, got up by them in course of the war of 1812, 
between the United States and England, the object of which was 
to contribute to a conciliation of the difficulties between the two 
countries at that time. The youth advanced some opinion respect- 
ing the merit and importance of the Olive Branch, with some 
remarks about the war. The worthy Publishers concluded from 
his letter, that this Boston clerk was no ordinary young man, and 
in a reply to him, which they directly made, knighted him in their 
superscription, if we may so call it, as follows (putting here a fic- 
titious name); Richard Elwell, Esq., first clerk of the Firm of 
L & E , Boston. 

The modest young man felt an awkwardness on first noticing 
the superscription, but on reading the compliments they expressed 
in the letter for his able opinion on the war, the state of the coun- 
try, &c, he instinctively saw why such honor was done him on 
the outside of it. He was now proud of the title. He had occa- 
sion to communicate with those gentlemen several times afterwards, 
and always received from them the title. 



24 



APPENDIX IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



ample M. Wo cannot gay money, property, or a package 
is to a person, but for him. How different is the relation 
of meaning between Utter and Mary which is expressed in 
the following sentences by the two prepositions : I have a 
letter for Mary. Have you read John's letter to Mary 1 
A letter to a person necessarily includes the idea that it is 
for him, but a letter for him does not always mean a letter 
to him. Hence unless we know something more of a letter 
than the superscription, wo properly say, it is a letter for 
the person, not a letter to him. 

After the name of the person and his title or titles or 
the name of his employment, place the name of the city, 
town, or Post Office, to which the letter is to go ; then the 
name of the state, or county and state, if wanted. This 
instruction is required by the postmasters whose business 
it is to forward the letter. If the number and street of a 
person's dwelling house or place of business in the city, is 
given, that instruction belongs only to the postmaster of 
the place where the letter is to be taken or distributed, 
therefore, in course, such instruction should be placed last 
in the superscription, as in example D. "We do this with 
the same propriety that " Care of,'' &c, is placed last, as 
in example N; or even with the same propriety that 
"Please retain this letter till the owner calls for it ," should 
be placed last. 

Take the following superscription with the number and 
street placed between the person's name and that of the 
city to which the letter is to go : 

Gen. Winfield Scott, 

No. 10 Ohio street, 

city of Washington. 
To render the impropriety of this order of the instruction 
the more striking, let us supply the ellipses; thus, This 
is a letter for Gen.Winfield Scott, whose office (or mansion) 
is numbered (or of the number) 10, in the city of Wash- 
ington. His office or dwelling house, it is told here, is of 
a certain number, in a certain street, and in the city of j 
Washington — but where is the august General'? 

Now place the instruction as previously directed, and the 
arrangement will appear natural and consistent : This is a 
letter for Gen. Winfield Scott of the city of* Washington. 
His office (or mansion.) is in street Ohio (or Ohio st., as we 
Americans are in the custom of expressing it) numbered 
(or of the number of) 10. But all the superscription that 
would be needed in case of such an eminent personage, is, 
Gen. Winfield Scott, city of Washington.] 

In the superscription of letters many persons have been in the 
custom of commencing the common nouns, city, county, &c, with 
a capital, but the reader may be assured that this is not agreeable 



to the usage of the highest class of literary people; the author has 
therefore used a small c, as in examples C, E, and H. 

It will be evident that the frame in page 2d does not show the 
length of the letter, but the examples exhibit the Crder of the 
instruction, the pauses and capitals to be used, the number of 
lines and the position of them with regard to one another, accord- 
ing to good taste and usage. 

The author would remark, however, that " Care of," &c, in 
examples E and N, appears after being put in print, a grain far- 
ther at the left than he intended it should; and in a case like ex^ 
ample K, the tastes of some would use four lines rather than five. 



The following is given to fill out the page. 

UXDER RULE XIII. 

I gave ray book to James my cousin, he who was here yesterday. 
This house belongs to Samuel, the carpenter, he who built the 
house. Augustus, the Roman emperor, him who succeeded Julius 
Cesar, is variously described. Those books are my friend's, him 
who keeps the library. The estate was left to Simon and John, 
the two eldest sons, they that had been to Europe. Art thou 
acquainted with Clarissa, the milliner, she whom we met in our 
walks this morning ? 

UNDER RULE XI. 

He loves you and I. I esteem him, and her, and they. My 
brother and him are tolerable grammarians. You and us enjoy 
many privileges. She and him are unhappily connected. Peter 
and me went to church. Between you and I there is some dis- 
parity of years; but none between him and she. If a man say, I 
love God, and hates his brother, he is a liar. If thou sincerely 
desire and pursuest virtue, she will be found of thee, He would 
neither do it himself, nor suffered another to do it. You and her 
and him are to be blamed. He invited my brother and I to see 
his garden, She is more fond of gayety than him. 

UNDER RULE XII. 

Thou art him who sold the books. I believe it to be they who 
raised the report. It was not me who made the noise. I would 
act the same part, if I were him, or in his situation. He so much 
resembled his brother, that at first sight I took it to be he. It 
could not have been her, for she always acts discreetly. He is not 
the person whom lie appeared to be. After all their professions, is 
it possible to be them ? It might have been him, but there is no 
proof of it. Whom do men say that I am ? 



* According to the common usage of nouns in apposition, of 
would be omitted here. 

t Were it necessary to designate where the city of Washington 
is, it would appear most fit to add U. S., which, to supply the 
ellipsis, would read, " the Capital of the United States." To add 
D. C. would be like attempting to place a mammoth organ of a 
cathedral in the parlor of a common dwelling house. 



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